The effect of a visuospatial interference intervention on posttraumatic intrusions: a cross-over randomized controlled trial.

Background: Intrusive memories form a core symptom of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Based on concepts of visuospatial interference and memory-updating accounts, technological innovations aim to attenuate such intrusions using visuospatial interventions.Objective: This study aims to test the effect of a visuospatial Tetris-based intervention versus a verbal condition (Wiki) and a never-targeted control (no intervention) on intrusion frequency.Method: A randomized crossover trial was conducted including N = 38 PTSD patients who had at least 3 distinct intrusive memories of trauma. After both 2 weeks (intervention 1) and 4 weeks (intervention 2), one of the three memories was randomly selected and either the visuospatial intervention (memory reminder of a traumatic memory + Tetris) or verbal condition (reading a Wikipedia article + answering questions) was performed on their first memory in randomized order. In the week 4 session, the patient conducted the other intervention condition on their second memory (crossover). The third memory was never targeted (no intervention). Daily occurrence of intrusions over 8 weeks was collected using a diary and analysed using mixed Poisson regression models.Results: Overall, there was no significant reduction in intrusion frequency from either intervention compared to each other, and to no intervention control (relative risk Tetris/Wiki: 0.947; p = .31; relative risk no intervention/Tetris: 1.060; p = .15; relative risk no intervention/Wiki: 1.004; p = .92).Conclusions: There was no effect of either intervention on intrusions when administered in a crossover design where participants received both interventions. Design shortcomings and consequences for future studies are discussed.

Visuospatial interventions, including the computer game Tetris, have been studied as a potential means to decrease intrusive memories, a core feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.In this study, two interventions are tested in a crossover design with patients with intrusive memories after traumatic experiences.There was no effect of either the visuospatial intervention or the verbal condition in this design.

Effect of PTSD treatment on cardiovascular reactivity during trauma memory recall and correspondence with symptom improvement.

ABSTRACTBackground: Prior research has shown PTSD treatment leads to reductions in cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall, but the extent to which such reductions are associated with changes in PTSD symptoms is less clear. Moreover, such relationships have not been investigated in a cognitively focused PTSD treatment.Objective: To examine changes in cardiovascular reactivity to the trauma memory in patients receiving cognitive processing therapy (CPT), CPT with a written trauma account, and a written account only condition. We also examined the association of such changes with symptom improvement.Method: 118 women with PTSD secondary to interpersonal violence completed pre- and post-treatment assessments of PTSD symptoms and cardiovascular reactivity during a script-driven imagery task.Results: Results indicated a significant but modest reduction in cardiovascular reactivity in CPT conditions. Changes in cardiovascular reactivity and reexperiencing symptoms were significantly associated among the whole sample. Among individuals with the greatest reactivity to the trauma memory at pretreatment, associations were also seen with changes in total PTSD, numbing, and trauma-related guilt.Conclusions: Results indicate that previous findings on the effect of PTSD treatment on cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall extend to cognitively oriented treatment. Baseline cardiovascular reactivity may influence the extent to which reductions in PTSD symptoms and reactivity during trauma recall are related.

Cognitive Processing Therapy leads to reduced heart rate reactivity when recalling a trauma memory.Decreases in heart rate reactivity are associated with reduced reexperiencing symptoms.Changes in heart rate reactivity and PTSD symptoms are more closely related among patients with greater pretreatment reactivity.

Estudios normativos españoles (proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus): Normas para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) / Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Modified Taylor Complex Figure, and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test

Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar normas y ajustes para edad, educación y género para el Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), la Figura Compleja Modificada de Taylor (FCMT) y el Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) como parte del proyecto NEURONORMA-Plus. Método: La muestra consiste en 308 individuos cognitivamente sanos de entre 18 y 92 años. Se proporcionan tablas para convertir las puntuaciones brutas en puntuaciones escalares ajustadas por edad y ajustes por educación y género tras aplicar modelos de regresión independientes en 2 grupos de edad (< 50 y ≥ 50 años). Resultados: La edad tuvo un efecto negativo en el rendimiento en ambos grupos etarios. Observamos un efecto positivo de la educación en el rendimiento del WCST en el grupo más joven (< 50 años), y en todas las medidas del FCMT (con la excepción de la tarea de reconocimiento) en el grupo de mayor edad (≥ 50 años). La educación no influyó en el rendimiento en el RULIT, pero sí el género, que tuvo un efecto leve, aunque significativo, mostrando los hombres jóvenes un mayor rendimiento en una variable. Conclusión: Los datos normativos aportados pueden contribuir en la interpretación clínica del rendimiento en estas pruebas en población española.(AU)

Objective: The present study aims to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Modified Taylor Complex Figure (MTCF), and the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project. Methods: We recruited 308 cognitively healthy individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores, as well as adjustments for education and sex after applying independent regression models in 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years). Results: Older age had a negative effect on performance in both age groups. We observed a positive effect of education on WCST performance in the younger group (< 50 years), and on all MTCF measures (with the exception of the recognition task) in the older group (≥ 50 years). Education had no impact on performance in the RULIT, although sex did, with a small but significant effect whereby young men showed higher performance for one variable. Conclusion: The normative data provided can contribute to the clinical interpretation of performance in these tests in the Spanish population.(AU)

Memory Wars: A Solution to the Conflict / Las Guerras de la Memoria: una Solución al Conflicto

Se discute la validez de la memoria disociativa en contextos forenses y las causas de las llamadas “guerras de la memoria”. Conceptos erróneos entre la psicología clínica y la psicología forense, una definición deficiente de la amnesia y las dificultades inherentes en el estudio de recuerdos traumáticos contribuyen a la persistencia de esta controversia. Particularmente en el campo de la psicología forense, el debate podría atribuirse a la falta de consenso sobre la evidencia científica. Los psicólogos necesitan establecer una base empírica para comprender mejor los mecanismos de la memoria involucrados en recordar y olvidar recuerdos traumáticos. Se esboza el Modelo de Accesibilidad Continua de la Memoria para explicar la recuperación de los diferentes grados de accesibilidad a los recuerdos autobiográficos basados en diferentes factores.(AU)

The validity of dissociative memory in forensic contexts and the causes of the so-called “memory wars” arediscussed. Misconceptions between clinical and forensic psychology, a deficient definition of amnesia, and the difficulties inherent in studying traumatic memories contribute to the persistence of this controversy. Particularly in the field of forensic psychology, the debate could be attributed to the lack of consensus on scientific evidence. Psychologists need to establish an empirical foundation to understand better the mechanisms of memory involved in remembering and forgetting traumatic memories. The Continuous Accessibility Model of Memory is outlined to explain the retrieval of the different degrees of accessibility to autobiographical memories based on different factors.(AU)

Pressure control and treatment interact in the deterioration of incidental visuospatial memory in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Systemic hypertension (SH) is the main risk factor to cognitive deterioration, whereas visuospatial memory is more vulnerable to ageing. Some antihypertensive agents have a neuroprotector effect, however, such effects could be masked by comorbidities and/or the lack of effective control on the arterial pressure of patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess this, the evaluation of incidental visuospatial memory of SH patients and the relation to the treatment received and the effective control of pressure were made. METHOD: 80 patients (46 woman) were included grouped by the received medication: angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARB) or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). A multiple correlation analysis between visuospatial scores and clinical variables was made; also, a mixed model analysis (fixed factors: treatment, pressure control, diabetes comorbidity; aleatory factors: age, schooling, months from SH diagnoses). RESULTS: Half of the patients had a controlled pressure, from them the higher proportion received ARB, and a minor number of patients received ACEI. The normotensive patients receiving ACEI were inefficient whereas the hypertensive patients were more efficient. The systolic pressure was negatively related with the visuospatial scores in spite of no correlations occurred with MoCA and Raven tests. CONCLUSIONS: The visuospatial incidental/intentional scores were negatively correlated with systolic pressure. The efficiency in the visuospatial ability depends on the interaction of treatment and effective control of blood pressure. The interaction between treatment and effective pressure control must be taken in count when cognitive deterioration is studied.

ANTECEDENTES: La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) es el principal factor de riesgo para el deterioro cognitivo; por otro lado, la memoria visuoespacial es más vulnerable al envejecimiento. Algunos fármacos antihipertensivos tienen un efecto neuroprotector, pero tal efecto puede enmascararse o bien no manifestarse por comorbilidad o por falta de control efectivo de la presión arterial. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las alteraciones en la memoria visuoespacial incidental de pacientes con HAS en relación con su tratamiento antihipertensivo y su control de la presión. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron 80 pacientes con HAS (46 mujeres), agrupados por su medicación en bloqueadores de los receptores de la angiotensina II (BRA) o inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA). Se realizó un análisis de correlaciones múltiples para los puntajes obtenidos en la prueba de memoria visuoespacial incidental/intencional y un análisis de modelos mixtos (factores fijos: tratamiento, control de la presión y comorbilidad con diabetes; factores aleatorios: edad, escolaridad, meses desde el diagnóstico de HAS y coeficiente intelectual). RESULTADOS: De los pacientes controlados, la mayoría de los que recibían BRA fueron eficientes y los que recibían IECA fueron deficientes. De los que recibían IECA, los descontrolados hipertensos fueron más eficientes que los normotensos. La memoria visuoespacial se correlacionó negativamente con la presión sistólica a pesar de no haber diferencias en MoCA y Raven. CONCLUSIONES: La eficiencia en la memoria visuoespacial dependió de la interacción del tratamiento y el control de la presión. Ambos factores, tratamiento y control efectivo de la presión, deben considerarse en la evaluación del deterioro cognitivo asociado a la HAS.

Cognitive factors as mediators of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms: the mediating roles of cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination, and social problem-solving.

Background: Childhood trauma has negative immediate and long-term impacts on depression. Questions remain, however, regarding the cognitive factors influencing this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the role of three cognitive factors - cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination and social problem-solving - as mediating factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and symptoms of depression.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Iran from March to July 2023. Participants (N = 227; Mean age 32.44 ± 8.95 years) with depression completed measures of childhood trauma, depression, self-overgeneralisation, cognitive errors, memory specificity, rumination and social problem-solving. The conceptual model was assessed using structural equation modelling.Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that childhood trauma had a positive direct effect on depression symptoms. Childhood trauma had a positive indirect effect on depression symptoms through both self-overgeneralisation and rumination and a negative indirect effect on depression through effective social problem-solving strategies.Conclusions: The findings suggest increased exposure to childhood trauma may be associated with elevated depression and self-overgeneralisation, rumination, and effective social problem-solving strategies may play an important role in this relationship. These findings hold potential implications for those working with patients with depression and a history of childhood trauma.

Since the relationship between childhood trauma and depression is not straightforward, the study addresses a significant gap in the understanding of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms by focusing on cognitive factors as potential mediators among depressed patients.Childhood trauma not only has a direct positive effect on depression symptoms but also indirectly influences depression through self-overgeneralisation and rumination, which contribute to elevated depression, while effective social problem-solving strategies act as a protective factor, leading to decreased depression symptoms.The significance of above cognitive overgeneralisation factors in shaping the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms suggests that therapeutic interventions targeting these cognitive factors might be hold promise in improving mental health outcomes for this vulnerable population.

Performance on the Latin American version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (LAS-FNAME) distinguishes individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment from age-matched controls in a sample from Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: The Latin American Spanish version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (LAS-FNAME) has shown promise in identifying cognitive changes in those at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its applicability for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) detection in the Latin American population remains unexplored. This study aims to analyze the psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability and diagnostic performance of the LAS-FNAME for the detection of memory disorders in patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 31 participants with aMCI, diagnosed by a neurologist according to Petersen's criteria, and 19 healthy controls. Inclusion criteria for the aMCI group were to be 60 years of age or older, report cognitive complaints, have a memory test score (Craft Story 21) below a -1.5 z-score and have preserved functioning in activities of daily living. Participants completed LAS-FNAME and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: LAS-FNAME showed the ability to discriminate against healthy controls from patients with aMCI (AUC= 75) in comparison with a gold-standard memory test (AUC = 69.1). LAS-FNAME also showed evidence of concurrent and divergent validity with a standard memory test (RAVLT) (r = 0.58, p < .001) and with an attention task (Digit Span) (r = -0.37, p = .06). Finally, the reliability index was very high (α = 0.88). DISCUSSION: LAS-FNAME effectively distinguished aMCI patients from healthy controls, suggesting its potential for detecting early cognitive changes in Alzheimer's prodromal stages among Spanish speakers.

Mapeo neuroanatómico de atención inhibitoria y memoria de trabajo con resonancia magnética funcional en niños sanos / Neuroanatomical mapping of inhibitory attention and working memory with functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy children

Introducción: El objetivo es lograr una plantilla de mapeo de activación cerebral promedio en niños sanos usando la resonancia magnética funcional (RMf), con paradigmas específicos para activar funciones de atención inhibitoria y de memoria de trabajo. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó una evaluación nutricional y neuropsicológica a 87 niños diestros. Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 30 (15 niños y 15 niñas) entre 9 y 11 años, a quienes se estudió con RMf con realización de dos pruebas de atención inhibitoria (Go/No Go), con letras e imágenes de alimentos, un test de memoria de trabajo (Test de Atención Continua-Pares Idénticos) y obtención de volúmenes anatómicos. Los datos posteriormente se procesaron con el programa FSL-v5 con un umbral de p < 0,05 (cluster-wise). Las áreas cerebrales activadas se localizaron utilizando una plantilla cerebral estándar del Montreal Neurological Institute y el atlas cortical estructural de Harvard-Oxford. Resultados: En las pruebas de atención inhibitoria hay activación en áreas frontales de predominio derecho, cíngulo, parietales y occipitales, con preponderancia en áreas occipitales en la prueba con alimentos. En la prueba Test de Atención Continua-Pares Idénticos se obtuvo activación de predominio en áreas occipitales, frontales y parietales. Conclusiones: Se obtienen plantillas de mapeo de actividad cerebral en niños sanos con test de atención inhibitoria, de alimentos y de memoria de trabajo. Las áreas de activación corresponden mayoritariamente a las descritas en la bibliografía. Esto nos permite tener patrones basales de activación cerebral para estudiar patologías relacionadas con la atención inhibitoria, la impulsividad y la memoria de trabajo.(AU)

Introduction: The objective is to produce an average brain activation mapping template in healthy children using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with specific paradigms for activating inhibitory attention and working memory functions. Subjects and methods: A nutritional and neuropsychological evaluation was performed on 87 right-handed children. The inclusion criteria were met by 30 children (15 boys and 15 girls) between 9 and 11 years old, who were studied with fMRI in two inhibitory attention tests (Go/No Go), with food cues, a working memory test (Continuous Performance Test Identical Pairs) and measurement of anatomical volumes. These data were subsequently processed with the FSL-v5 program, with a threshold of p < 0.05 (cluster-wise). The brain areas activated were located using a standard Montreal Neurological Institute brain template and the Harvard-Oxford structural cortical atlas. Results: The inhibitory attention tests showed activation frontal areas predominantly on the right, and the cingulate, parietal and occipital areas, with preponderance in occipital areas in the food cues test. In the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs test, activation was obtained predominantly in the occipital, frontal and parietal areas. Conclusions: Brain activity mapping templates are obtained in healthy children with tests for inhibitory attention, food cues and working memory. The activation areas are mostly those reported in the literature. This provides baseline brain activation patterns for studying pathologies related to inhibitory attention, impulsivity and working memory.(AU)

Prevalencia de quejas subjetivas de memoria: estudio poblacional en España / Prevalence of subjective memory complaints: Population study in Spain

Introducción Las quejas subjetivas de memoria (QSM) pueden ser una señal inicial de un posterior deterioro de las funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, no se han publicado estudios poblacionales cubriendo toda España para conocer la prevalencia de las QSM. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de las QSM en la población general residente en España >50 años y, también qué actuaciones se llevaban a cabo al respecto. Materiales y métodos Se realizaron entrevistas mediante un cuestionario online/Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) a una muestra representativa a nivel nacional >50 años. La encuesta constaba de 34 ítems divididos en 2 bloques. Se consideró presencia de QSM cuando en la pregunta 1 el sujeto contestaba que ‘Sí’ tenía algún problema de memoria. Resultados Se entrevistó a 2.300 personas (53,7% mujeres; 23,9% ≥75 años). El 31% contestaron que consideraban que tenían un problema de memoria (sin diferencias entre sexos, media de tiempo con problemas de memoria de 3,0 años). Se observó mayor prevalencia de QSM en ≥75 años (44%). El 90% no incluían ningún alimento específico en su dieta para sus problemas de memoria, y tampoco estaban tomando productos farmacéuticos, complementos de la dieta o suplementos nutricionales (92%). El 78% de los entrevistados con QSM no han consultado a profesionales sanitarios por sus problemas de memoria. Conclusiones Las QSM tienen una prevalencia considerable en nuestro medio, afectando a casi un tercio de los individuos >50 años. La mayoría de los entrevistados con quejas de memoria no buscó el consejo/recomendación de profesionales sanitarios con respecto a las mismas. (AU)

Introduction Subjective memory complaints (SMC) might be an early sign of further deterioration in cognitive functions. However, no population studies have been published covering all Spain to determine the SMC prevalence. The objective of the present study was to determine the SMC prevalence in the general population residing in Spain >50 years of age and also which related actions were done. Materials and methods Interviews were conducted with a nationally representative sample >50 years of age using an online/computer assisted web interview (CAWI) questionnaire. The survey consisted of 34 items divided into two blocks. Presence of SMC was considered when in question 1 the subject answered that “Yes” he had some memory problem. Results Two thousand three hundred people (53.7% women; 23.9% ≥75 years old) were interviewed. 31% answered that they considered they had a memory problem (no differences between sexes, mean time with memory problems of 3.0 years). A higher prevalence of SMC was observed in ≥75 years old (44%). 90% did not include any specific foods in their diet for their memory problems, neither were taking any pharmaceuticals, diet supplements or nutritional supplements (92%). 78% of those interviewed with SMC have not consulted health professionals for their memory problems. Conclusions SMC are considerably prevalent in our environment affecting almost a third of people ≥50 years of age. Most of the interviewees with SMC did not go to health professionals to manage their SMC. (AU)

Memoria episódica verbal en pacientes pediátricos intervenidos de cirugía de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal: un estudio de seguimiento al año / Verbal episodic memory in children undergoing temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: a one-year follow-up study

Introducción La memoria episódica verbal (MEV) no suele resultar alterada en niños con epilepsia focal sometidos a resecciones del lóbulo temporal izquierdo, a diferencia de lo que cabría esperar si se tratara de un cerebro adulto. Los últimos hallazgos sugieren que la actividad epileptógena en los primeros años de vida disrumpe la lateralización del sistema mnésico, lo que conduce al desarrollo de una representación bilateral de la memoria. El presente estudio pretende analizar si la lateralidad de la epilepsia es un predictor significativo de cara al pronóstico posquirúrgico de la MEV en la cirugía de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal (ELT) en edad pediátrica. Esta investigación también pretende aportar evidencias sobre la relación de la MEV con otros factores demográficos y clínicos relevantes, como el sexo, la edad de inicio de las crisis, la edad quirúrgica y la duración de la epilepsia, así como estudiar el impacto del rendimiento prequirúrgico en la MEV sobre los resultados posquirúrgicos. Pacientes y métodos Se extrajeron de la base de datos del Hospital Sant Joan de Déu y se analizaron retrospectivamente las puntuaciones prequirúrgicas y al año de seguimiento postoperatorio de una tarea de recuerdo de lista de palabras correspondientes a 25 niños intervenidos de ELT (ELT izquierdo, n = 11; ELT derecho, n = 14). Resultados No se encontraron diferencias intergrupales prequirúrgicas significativas al comparar las puntuaciones en MEV sobre la base de la lateralidad de la epilepsia (p > 0,5). En cuanto al grupo de ELT izquierdo, se encontró una alta correlación negativa entre la edad de inicio y la puntuación prequirúrgica del recuerdo libre a largo plazo (rho = –0,72; p = 0,01). No se encontraron cambios intragrupo significativos entre el pre- y el postoperatorio en relación con el rendimiento en la MEV, independientemente de la lateralidad de la epilepsia (grupo de ELT izquierdo, p > 0,56; grupo de ELT derecho, p > 0,12). Conclusiones ... (AU)

INTRODUCTION Verbal episodic memory (VEM) is often unimpaired in children with focal epilepsy undergoing left temporal lobe resections, unlike what we might expect in the adult brain. The latter findings suggest that epileptiform activity in early life disrupts memory system lateralization, leading to the development of bilateral memory representation. The present study aims to analyze whether the laterality of epilepsy is a major predictor for post-operative VEM prognosis in pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery. This research also pretends to provide evidence about the relationship of VEM performance with other relevant demographical and clinical factors such as sex, age at onset of seizures, age at surgery and duration of epilepsy, as well as to study the impact of presurgical VEM performance on postsurgical outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pre-operative and one-year follow-up post-operative word-list recall scores from 25 children who underwent TLE surgery (left-sided, n = 11; right-sided, n = 14) were extracted from the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu database and were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS No significant presurgical intergroup differences were found when comparing VEM scores by laterality of epilepsy (p > 0.5). Looking at the left TLE group, a high negative correlation was found between the onset age and the pre-operative long-term free recall score (rho = –0.72, p = 0.01). No significant pre- to post-operative intragroup changes were found regarding VEM performance, regardless of epilepsy laterality (left TLE group, p > 0.56; right TLE group, p > 0.12). CONCLUSIONS The laterality of epilepsy does not show to be a significant factor in and of itself (AU)

Prevalencia de quejas subjetivas de memoria: estudio poblacional en España / Prevalence of subjective memory complaints: Population study in Spain

Introducción Las quejas subjetivas de memoria (QSM) pueden ser una señal inicial de un posterior deterioro de las funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, no se han publicado estudios poblacionales cubriendo toda España para conocer la prevalencia de las QSM. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de las QSM en la población general residente en España >50 años y, también qué actuaciones se llevaban a cabo al respecto. Materiales y métodos Se realizaron entrevistas mediante un cuestionario online/Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) a una muestra representativa a nivel nacional >50 años. La encuesta constaba de 34 ítems divididos en 2 bloques. Se consideró presencia de QSM cuando en la pregunta 1 el sujeto contestaba que ‘Sí’ tenía algún problema de memoria. Resultados Se entrevistó a 2.300 personas (53,7% mujeres; 23,9% ≥75 años). El 31% contestaron que consideraban que tenían un problema de memoria (sin diferencias entre sexos, media de tiempo con problemas de memoria de 3,0 años). Se observó mayor prevalencia de QSM en ≥75 años (44%). El 90% no incluían ningún alimento específico en su dieta para sus problemas de memoria, y tampoco estaban tomando productos farmacéuticos, complementos de la dieta o suplementos nutricionales (92%). El 78% de los entrevistados con QSM no han consultado a profesionales sanitarios por sus problemas de memoria. Conclusiones Las QSM tienen una prevalencia considerable en nuestro medio, afectando a casi un tercio de los individuos >50 años. La mayoría de los entrevistados con quejas de memoria no buscó el consejo/recomendación de profesionales sanitarios con respecto a las mismas. (AU)

Introduction Subjective memory complaints (SMC) might be an early sign of further deterioration in cognitive functions. However, no population studies have been published covering all Spain to determine the SMC prevalence. The objective of the present study was to determine the SMC prevalence in the general population residing in Spain >50 years of age and also which related actions were done. Materials and methods Interviews were conducted with a nationally representative sample >50 years of age using an online/computer assisted web interview (CAWI) questionnaire. The survey consisted of 34 items divided into two blocks. Presence of SMC was considered when in question 1 the subject answered that “Yes” he had some memory problem. Results Two thousand three hundred people (53.7% women; 23.9% ≥75 years old) were interviewed. 31% answered that they considered they had a memory problem (no differences between sexes, mean time with memory problems of 3.0 years). A higher prevalence of SMC was observed in ≥75 years old (44%). 90% did not include any specific foods in their diet for their memory problems, neither were taking any pharmaceuticals, diet supplements or nutritional supplements (92%). 78% of those interviewed with SMC have not consulted health professionals for their memory problems. Conclusions SMC are considerably prevalent in our environment affecting almost a third of people ≥50 years of age. Most of the interviewees with SMC did not go to health professionals to manage their SMC. (AU)

La Transmisión Transgeneracional de Situaciones Traumáticas: Papel de la Psicología en el Proceso de Recuperación de la Memoria Colectiva de la Dictadura Franquista en España / The Transgenerational Transmission of Traumatic Situations: The Role of Psychology in the Process of Recovery of the Collective Memory of the Franco Dictatorship in Spain

En este trabajo se hacen algunas consideraciones sobre la memoria y el olvido, se describen complejos procesos emocionales individuales y familiares que dan lugar a determinados estados psicológicos colectivos que suelen configurarse bajo las dictaduras y los estados totalitarios. Reflexiones que se enmarcan en el contexto de la reciente historia de España y que ayudarán a comprender, al menos en parte, el enorme retraso que la recuperación de la memoria ha tenido en nuestro país. Estas aportaciones están apoyadas en fuentes históricas, sociológicas, literarias y basadas en la teoría y la práctica clínica psicológica aplicada a tratamientos individuales, de familia y de grupos. (AU)

In this work, some considerations are made about memory and forgetting, complex individual and family emotional processes that give rise to certain collective psychological states that are usually configured under dictatorships and totalitarian states are described. These reflections are framed in the context of Spain’s recent history and will help to understand, at least in part, the enormous delay that the recovery of memory has had in our country. These contributions are supported by historical, sociological, and literary sources and based on psychological theory and clinical practice applied to individual, family, and group treatments. (AU)

Executive Functions and Their Relation to Academic Performance in University Students / Funciones ejecutivas y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios

Academic performance, dropout rates, and low graduation rates constitute an area of concern in Latin American universities that has been the topic of various studies. Certain researchers suggest that some differences in academic performance could arise from interindividual variations in self-regulation mechanisms such as executive functions. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the investigation of the relationships between university performance and executive functions, specifically working memory, inhibition, and shifting. The study involved 196 students who completed the Reading Span Task, the Five Digits Test, and the Finger Task. Working memory, inhibition, and shifting exhibited a weak significant relationship with performance. Furthermore, additionally to age, socioeconomic status, and student work hours, inhibition and shifting accounted for 38% of the variance in academic performance. The findings provide a contribution to the understanding of this topic and to the discussion of previous contradictory findings. (AU)

El rendimiento académico universitario, el rezago y las bajas tasas de egreso suponen un área de preocupación en las universidades latinoamericanas que ha sido objeto de diferentes investigaciones. Algunos investigadores sugieren que determinadas diferencias en dicho rendimiento podrían surgir de diferencias interindividuales en distintos mecanismos de autorregulación, como las funciones ejecutivas. Por ello, este trabajo se propuso contribuir al estudio de las relaciones entre el rendimiento universitario y las funciones ejecutivas, específicamente la memoria de trabajo, la inhibición y la flexibilidad cognitiva. Se trabajó con 196 estudiantes que completaron la Tarea de Amplitud de Lectura, el Test de Cinco Dígitos y la Tarea de los Dedos. La memoria de trabajo, la inhibición y la flexibilidad presentaron una relación significativa baja con el rendimiento. Además, junto con edad, nivel socioeconómico y horas que trabaja el estudiante, la inhibición y la flexibilidad cognitiva, permitieron explicar el 38% de la varianza del rendimiento. Los resultados suponen un aporte al conocimiento de esta temática y a la discusión de los hallazgos contradictorios previos. (AU)

Miastenia gravis y enfermedad de Alzheimer: una asociación a estudio / Association between myasthenia gravis and Alzheimer’s disease

Introducción La miastenia gravis (MG) y la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) son dos de las enfermedades neurológicas en cuya fisiopatología interviene la acetilcolina en distintos niveles. En la primera, la alteración de este neurotransmisor se produce en la unión neuromuscular, y en la segunda, en el sistema nervioso central. Objetivo Analizar la posible relación entre dichas patologías estudiando la prevalencia y la odds ratio de la EA dentro de los pacientes diagnosticados de MG con respecto a la prevalencia de EA en la población general. Pacientes y métodos Se han examinado datos de las historias clínicas electrónicas del sistema de salud de Castilla-La Mancha utilizando el procesamiento de lenguaje natural a través de la plataforma clínica de inteligencia artificial Savana Manager?. Resultados Se ha identificado a 970.503 pacientes mayores de 60 años, de los que 1.028 tenían diagnóstico de MG. La proporción de pacientes con diagnóstico de EA dentro de este grupo (4,28%) es mayor que en el resto de la población (2,82%; p = 0,0047), con una odds ratio de 1,54 (intervalo de confianza al 95%: 1,13-2,08; p = 0,0051), sin que se encuentren diferencias significativas en el análisis bivariante del resto de los factores de riesgo para EA más importantes conocidos hasta ahora. Conclusiones Nuestros resultados sugieren que podría existir un aumento de la prevalencia de EA en pacientes con MG. (AU)

INTRODUCTION Myasthenia gravis (MG) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are two of the most important diseases where the dysregulation of acetylcholine activity plays a crucial role. In the first, this dysregulation happens at the level of the neu­romuscular junction and in the second, in the central nervous system (CNS). AIM To analyze the possible relationship between these two pathologies, analyzing the prevalence and the odds ratio of AD within patients previously diagnosed with MG. We will compare these data with respect to the prevalence of AD in the general population. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined the data obtained by the electronic medical records of patients in the health care system of Castilla La Mancha using the Natural Language Process provided by a clinical platform of artificial intelligence known as the Savana Manager?. RESULTS We identified 970,503 patients over the age of 60 years, of which 1,028 were diagnosed with MG. The proportion of the patients diagnosed with AD within this group (4.28%) was greater than the rest of the population (2.82%) (p = 0,0047) with an odds ratio of 1.54 (confidence interval at 95% 1.13-2.08; p = 0.0051) without finding significant differences in the bivariate analysis for the rest of the most important actual known risk factors for AD. CONCLUSION. Our results suggest that there might be an increase in the prevalence of AD in patients previously diagnosed with MG. (AU)

La Transmisión Transgeneracional de Situaciones Traumáticas: Papel de la Psicología en el Proceso de Recuperación de la Memoria Colectiva de la Dictadura Franquista en España / The Transgenerational Transmission of Traumatic Situations: The Role of Psychology in the Process of Recovery of the Collective Memory of the Franco Dictatorship in Spain

En este trabajo se hacen algunas consideraciones sobre la memoria y el olvido, se describen complejos procesos emocionales individuales y familiares que dan lugar a determinados estados psicológicos colectivos que suelen configurarse bajo las dictaduras y los estados totalitarios. Reflexiones que se enmarcan en el contexto de la reciente historia de España y que ayudarán a comprender, al menos en parte, el enorme retraso que la recuperación de la memoria ha tenido en nuestro país. Estas aportaciones están apoyadas en fuentes históricas, sociológicas, literarias y basadas en la teoría y la práctica clínica psicológica aplicada a tratamientos individuales, de familia y de grupos. (AU)

In this work, some considerations are made about memory and forgetting, complex individual and family emotional processes that give rise to certain collective psychological states that are usually configured under dictatorships and totalitarian states are described. These reflections are framed in the context of Spain’s recent history and will help to understand, at least in part, the enormous delay that the recovery of memory has had in our country. These contributions are supported by historical, sociological, and literary sources and based on psychological theory and clinical practice applied to individual, family, and group treatments. (AU)

[Prevalence of subjective memory complaints: Population study in Spain]. / Prevalencia de quejas subjetivas de memoria: estudio poblacional en España.

INTRODUCTION: Subjective memory complaints (SMC) might be an early sign of further deterioration in cognitive functions. However, no population studies have been published covering all Spain to determine the SMC prevalence. The objective of the present study was to determine the SMC prevalence in the general population residing in Spain >50 years of age and also which related actions were done. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Interviews were conducted with a nationally representative sample >50 years of age using an online/computer assisted web interview (CAWI) questionnaire. The survey consisted of 34 items divided into two blocks. Presence of SMC was considered when in question 1 the subject answered that "Yes" he had some memory problem. RESULTS: Two thousand three hundred people (53.7% women; 23.9% ≥75 years old) were interviewed. 31% answered that they considered they had a memory problem (no differences between sexes, mean time with memory problems of 3.0 years). A higher prevalence of SMC was observed in ≥75 years old (44%). 90% did not include any specific foods in their diet for their memory problems, neither were taking any pharmaceuticals, diet supplements or nutritional supplements (92%). 78% of those interviewed with SMC have not consulted health professionals for their memory problems. CONCLUSIONS: SMC are considerably prevalent in our environment affecting almost a third of people ≥50 years of age. Most of the interviewees with SMC did not go to health professionals to manage their SMC.

Aprendizaje y memoria verbal: Comparación entre pacientes con trastorno por consumo de alcohol y trastorno de depresión mayor / Learning and verbal memory: A comparison between patients with alcohol use disorder and major depressive disorder

El daño cerebral relacionado con el consumo de alcohol se asocia a alteraciones de las funciones cognitivas, entre las que destacan memoria y aprendizaje verbal. El objetivo principal es evaluar memoria y aprendizaje verbal en una muestra de 111 pacientes con trastorno por consumo de alcohol (TCA) versus 78 con trastorno de depresión mayor (TDM) y 100 controles sanos. La evaluación incluyó variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, la Escala de Hamilton para la Depresión (HDRS) y el Test de Aprendizaje Verbal de California (CVLT). Se utilizó ANOVA de un factor para comparaciones entre los 3 grupos y ANCOVAS bidireccionales incluyendo diferentes covariables. El ANOVA de un factor muestra que los pacientes con TCA y TDM obtienen puntuaciones similares entre sí e inferiores a las del grupo control (p < 0,001), con excepción del CVLT Guiado (peores puntuaciones en TDM vs TCA, p < 0,001). Tras incluir como covariables la edad, sexo y los años de estudios completados, persisten las diferencias entre los grupos de TCA y TDM frente al grupo control (p ≤ 0,003) en todos los índices con excepción del CVLT Libre Inmediato y del CVLT Guiado (peor rendimiento en TDM vs TCA, p = 0,022 y p = 0,035, respectivamente). En el segundo ANCOVA, tras controlar por gravedad de la depresión, únicamente se detectan diferencias entre los pacientes con TCA y los controles sanos (p ≤ 0,007). Los pacientes con TCA presentan una importante alteración en aprendizaje y memoria verbal al compararlos con pacientes con TDM y con personas sanas. (AU)

Brain damage related to alcohol consumption is associated with impairments in cognitive functions, among which memory and verbal learning stand out. The main objective is to evaluate memory and verbal learning in a sample of 111 patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) versus 78 with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 100 healthy controls. The evaluation included sociodemographic and clinical variables, the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDRS) and the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between the 3 groups and two-way ANCOVAS including different covariates. The one-way ANOVA shows that patients with AUD and MDD had scores similar to each other and lower than those of the control group (p <0.001), with the exception of the Cued CVLT (worse scores in MDD vs AUD, p <0.001). After including age, sex and years of completed studies as covariates, the differences between the AUD and MDD groups persisted compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.003) in all indices except for the Immediate Free CVLT and the Cued CVLT (worse performance in MDD vs AUD, p = 0.022 and p = 0.035, respectively). In the second ANCOVA, after controlling for depression severity, differences were only detected between AUD patients and healthy controls (p ≤ 0.007). Patients with AUD present a significant impairment in learning and verbal memory when compared with patients with MDD and with healthy people. (AU)

Efecto del resveratrol sobre las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción: el resveratrol tiene múltiples efectos beneficiosos en diferentes sistemas del organismo, incluido el nervioso central, sin embargo, los resultados reportados sobre el efecto en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores son inconsistentes. Por lo anterior, el propósito de esta revisión sistemática es presentar una síntesis del conocimiento sobre los efectos del resveratrol en las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. Método: se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática acorde con los criterios de PRISMA-2009. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó hasta el 7 de septiembre de 2021 en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO y TESIUNAM. Las variables de desenlace fueron memoria diferida, inmediata y de trabajo y velocidad del procesamiento. Se estimó la diferencia de medias estandarizadas (DME) para evaluar el efecto. Resultados: se encontraron 1.065 estudios, de los cuales seis cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad para la revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. No se encontró un efecto significativo en la memoria diferida (DME = 0,69, IC 95 %: 0,85-2,23, p = 0,38), memoria inmediata (DME = 0,56, IC 95 %: -0,20-1,31, p = 0,15), memoria de trabajo (DME = -0,21, IC 95 %: -0,74-0,32, p = 0,43) y velocidad de procesamiento (DME = 0,25, IC 95 %: -0,58-1,07, p = 0,55). Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren que el resveratrol no tiene un efecto sobre las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. No obstante, es necesario realizar más estudios con diferentes dosis, tipos de formulación del nutracéutico y tiempo de tratamiento. (AU)

Introduction: resveratrol has multiple beneficial effects on different body systems, including the central nervous system, however, the results reported on the effect on cognitive functions in older adults are inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to present a synthesis of knowledge about the effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults. Method: a systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA-2009 criteria. The search for articles was carried out until September 7, 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO, and TESIUNAM. The outcome variables were delayed, immediate, and working memory, and processing speed. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated to assess the effect. Results: one thousand sixty-five studies were found, of which six met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. No significant effect was found on delayed memory (SMD = 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.85-2.23, p = 0.38), immediate memory (SMD = 0.56, 95 % CI: -0.20-1.31, p = 0.15), working memory (SMD = -0.21, 95 % CI: -0.74-0.32, p = 0.43) and processing speed (SMD = 0.25, 95 % CI: -0.58-1.07, p = 0.55). Conclusion: our results suggest that resveratrol does not have an effect on cognitive functions in older adults, however, it is necessary to carry out more studies with different doses, type of nutraceutic. (AU)

Cuidados en la Cataluña rural de postguerra. José Quílez, practicante de Almenar / Cuidado na Catalunha rural do pósuerra. José Quílez, praticante de Almenar / Care in postwar rural Catalonia. José Quílez, practitioner from Alme- nar

This paper aims to present the testimony of the midwife and practitioner José Quílez, who developed his professional practice in Almenar (small town in the province of Lleida), in order to show how the professional provision of care in rural postwar Catalonia was developed by this civil servant of the local administration. A qualitative study of historical research is developed using the biographical interview as a resource, framed in the phenomenological paradigm, using direct oral sources that have been triangulated with the interviewee's own written sources, bibliographic sources, as well as documentation from the archives of the Official College of Nurses of Lleida. The testimony highlights a noble character forged by the miseries of postwar Spain, which led to his emigration for work reasons from Aragon to Catalonia, where he had the opportunity to develop a solid family project, as well as a strong professional commitment in the provision of care, which is manifested in the rigor in the application of the protocols of the time, as well as the basic principles of ethics and privacy with which he attended to patients.(AU)

Este trabajo pretende dar a conocer el testimonio del comadrón y practicante José Quílez, que desarrolló su ejercicio profesional en Almenar (pequeño pueblo de la provincia de Lleida), con el fin de dar a conocer como se desarrollaba la prestación profesional de cuidados en la Cataluña rural de postguerra por parte de este funcionario de la administración local. Se desarrolla un estudio cualitativo de investigación histórica que utiliza la entrevista biográfica como recurso, enmarcado en el paradigma fenomenológico, utilizando fuentes orales directas que se han triangulado con fuentes escritas propias del entrevistado, bibliográficas, así como documentación del archivo del Colegio Oficial de Enfermeras y Enfermeros de Lleida. Del testimonio destaca un carácter noble forjado por las miserias propias de la España de postguerra, que conllevaron a su emigración por motivos laborales desde tierras aragonesas a Cataluña, donde tuvo ocasión de desarrollar un proyecto familiar sólido, así como un fuerte compromiso profesional en la prestación de cuidados, que se manifiesta en el rigor en la aplicación de los protocolos de la época, así como los principios básicos de la ética y privacidad con la que atendía a los pacientes.(AU)

O objectivo deste estudo é apresentar o testemunho do parteiro e praticante José Quílez, que exerceu a sua actividade profissional em Almenar (uma pequena aldeia na província de Lérida), a fim de mostrar como a prestação de cuidados profissionais na Catalunha rural do pós-guerra foi realizada por este funcionário público da administração local. É realizado um estudo de investigação histórica qualitativa utilizando a entrevista biográfica como recurso, enquadrado no paradigma fenomenológico, utilizando fontes orais directas que foram trianguladas com as próprias fontes escritas do entrevistado, fontes bibliográficas, bem como documentação dos arquivos do Colégio Oficial de Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros de Lleida. O testemunho destaca um carácter nobre forjado pelas misérias da Espanha do pós-guerra, que levou à sua emigração por razões de trabalho de Aragão para a Catalunha, onde teve a oportunidade de desenvolver um sólido projecto familiar, bem como um forte empenho profissional na prestação de cuidados, que se manifesta no rigor na aplicação dos protocolos da época, bem como nos princípios básicos de ética e privacidade com que atendeu os doentes.(AU)

De Onofre Gil a Carlos Castilla del Pino: scientia, sapientia et infantia / From Onofre Gil to Carlos Castilla del Pino: Scientia, Sapientia et Infantia

Aunque más breve que su producción ensayística y psicopatológica, la obra literaria de Carlos Castilla del Pino resulta de gran interés por la calidad de su escritura y como memoria privilegiada de un tiempo y de un país, así como por el empeño del autor por crear un discurso “personal”, lúcido, veraz, racional y bello que no solo estuviese al servicio de su propio personaje, sino que le ayudase a constituirse como sujeto con scientia, sapientia e infantia. En este sentido, confrontamos sus dos libros de memo-rias (Pretérito imperfecto y La casa del olivo) con su novela Discurso de Onofre: obras en principio dispares pero que –curiosamente y de forma privilegiada– dan cuenta del continuum y de los sobresaltos, de los riesgos y renuncias, que suponen la aventura de vivir con la sabiduría que emana del saber estar en el mundo; o sea, de una actitud grácil ante las dificultades inherentes al hecho de vivir en la que se anuda el mayor o menor conocimiento que el autor ha ido adquiriendo a lo largo de su vida con la vivencia gozosa del sentido de su propia existencia y con la capacidad para entender y disfrutar lo que es bueno, justo y bello. (AU)

Although shorter in number than his essays and works on psychopathology, Car-los Castilla del Pino ́s literary work is of great interest due to the quality of his writing and as a privileged memory of a time and a country. It shows his effort to create a personal, lucid, truthful, rational and beautiful discourse that was not only at the service of his own charac-ter, but also helped him to establish himself as a subject with scientia, sapientia and infantia. In this sense, we confront his two memoirs (Pretérito imperfecto and La casa del olivo) with his novel Discurso de Onofre: works that are dissimilar in principle, but that -curiously and in a privileged way- give an account of the continuum and the shocks, the risks and renun-ciations, that the adventure of living with the wisdom that emanates from knowing how to be in the world involves. In these works, the greater or lesser knowledge that the author has acquired throughout his life is tied with the joyful experience of the meaning of his own existence, and with the capacity to understand and enjoy what is good, fair and beautiful. (AU)